– You should have the school call the boy’s parents
Passive
– Bill had his house painted.
– I get my groceries delivered.
Matthew was having difficulty with his English homework, so his mother had Linda, Matthew’s older sister, _______ him with some of his assignments.
to do
to help
help
do
His mother had his sister help him with his assignments.
As technology advances and calculations become more complex, humans need to get computers __________ for them.
work
to do
help
to think
Humans get computers to think for them (humans).
To celebrate the holiday, the teacher had each of his students __________ a traditional dish at home and bring it to class to share at the party.
to cook
cooked
prepared
prepare
‘Cook’ would be okay here (however, it’s not a choice). “The teacher had the students prepare a dish….”
Your car is a mess. If you want, I can recommend a great place where you can have it _________ inside and out, and it’s not too expensive.
cleaned
clean
to clean
wash
…get it (the car) cleaned (passive voice).
After many hours of questioning, the detectives finally ________ the suspect tell them where the body was hidden.
maked
to make
make
made
Clark: What are you going to wear to the wedding?
Lois: I bought a gorgeous black dress and new shoes, and I’m getting my hair _________ at Silvio’s place.
to cut
did
done
to do
passive
Tomorrow I have to attend a conference, so please be advised that I will let you ______ a little early. If you are getting a ride from someone, please make the adjustments you need.
to leave
to go
left
go
What a cute puppy! Can you get it ________ any tricks yet?
do
to do
done
jump
Miley: How did you get this phone number?
Bob: I __________ my friend hack your computer. I hope you don’t mind.
got
had
let
make
‘Let’ is grammatically correct, but doesn’t have much meaning here. ‘Make’ is in the present tense, while the sentence is in the past tense. “Got + to + hack” would be correct.
Challenge:
“Don’t make me make you say it!”
Who will say “it”?
“you”
“me”
Paraphrase: Don’t put me in a situation where I have to force you to say it.
When you want to use commas and semicolons in sentences and when you are concerned about whether a sentence is or is not a fragment, a good way to start is to be able to recognize dependent and independent clauses. The definitions offered here will help you with this.
Independent Clause
An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)
Dependent Marker Word
A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause.
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.
Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever,whether, and while.
Connecting dependent and independent clauses
There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words.
Coordinating Conjunction
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Independent Marker Word
An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however,moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.
Some Common Errors to Avoid
Comma Splices
A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
Incorrect: I like this class, it is very interesting.
Correct: I like this class. It is very interesting.
(or) I like this class; it is very interesting.
(or) I like this class, and it is very interesting.
(or) I like this class because it is very interesting.
(or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.
Fused Sentences
Fused sentences happen when there are two independent clauses not separated by any form of punctuation. This error is also known as a run-on sentence. The error can sometimes be corrected by adding a period, semicolon, or colon to separate the two sentences.
Incorrect: My professor is intelligent I’ve learned a lot from her.
Correct: My professor is intelligent. I’ve learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent; I’ve learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent, and I’ve learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I’ve learned a lot from her.
Sentence Fragments
Sentence fragments happen by treating a dependent clause or other incomplete thought as a complete sentence. You can usually fix this error by combining it with another sentence to make a complete thought or by removing the dependent marker.
Incorrect: Because I forgot the exam was today.
Correct: Because I forgot the exam was today, I didn’t study.
(or) I forgot the exam was today.
What is the function of the word ‘thought’in the following sentence?
Jacqueline thought she would win first place in the contest.
subject of the independent clause
object of the independent clause
complement to the object
verb of the independent clause
‘would win’ is the verb of the noun clause ‘she would win’
What is the function of ‘to celebrate her promotion’in the following sentence?
Belinda invited her friends to her house for lunch to celebrate her promotion.
object to the verb ‘invited’
complement to ‘invited’
subject of a dependent clause
verb of a dependent clause
Why did she invite them? To celebrate.
A subject complementis similar to an object, except that it completes the meaning of the subject rather than the verb.
true
false
Is the following sentence complete and correct?
What you do with your own free time is up to you.
Yes.
No – it needs an object.
No – it needs an action verb.
No – it needs a subject.
What you do with your own free time = S is = V up to you = sC
Read the following sentence carefully:
When they need a little source of inspiration, whether to help them persevere in their efforts or simply to brighten their otherwise ordinary lives, many people often turn to the arts, especially the movies, because they find that fantasy and fiction are great ways to forget the harshness of reality.
What is the main subject-verb pairing?
they need
their efforts to brighten
people turn to
they find
independent clause = many people often turn to the arts
Read the following sentence carefully:
Over the last century, especially in the wealthier areas of the world, sociologists have noticed a growing tendency among ordinary people to neglect the natural relationship between themselves and their environment.
How many independent clauses are in this sentence?
1
2
3
4
independent clause = sociologists have noticed a growing tendency The rest of the items are modifiers.
Read the following sentence carefully:
Over the last century, especially in the wealthier areas of the world, sociologists have noticed a growing tendency among ordinary people to neglect the natural relationship between themselves and their environment.
What is the main subject of this sentence?
world
relationship
tendency
sociologists
Wanting to be a good neighbor, Heather baked a pie for the family that had just moved in next door.
In the above sentence, what is the independent clause?
Wanting to be a good neighbor
Heather baked a pie
that had just moved in next door
A sentence can have no complements, or it can have many complements. It depends on the writer.
true
false
Not all sentences have complements, and some sentences have many complements.
– dictionary eng->eng + transcript (try m-w.com or oxforddictionaries.com)
– Do not use on line translator!
Which of these words does not belong in the group?
interrupt, disrupt, erupt, report, corrupt, rupture
disrupt
corrupt
rupture
report
Report is the only word that does not have the root –rupt
What might be a vocabulary theme for these words?
solar, thermal, turbine, hydroelectric, nuclear
cars
engines
energy
weapons
The word amazingis an adjective. Which of the following is its verb form?
amazement
amazingly
to maze
amaze
The best way to increase and maintain vocabulary is by reading and writing.
true
false
Which of the following sentences best illustrates the meaning of the wordexplain?
To explain is to say how something works.
The teacher explained the process so well that everyone understood it.
A textbook explains the ideas.
I asked my friend to explain the grammar.
To explain is to make someone understand something. This sentence clearly expresses the meaning.
In which of the following vocabulary groups would the word ejectfit?
A group for the root -ject
A theme group for computer actions.
A theme group for things a pilot does
All three could be possible groups.
which of the following words would NOT fit in the function group for add to?
amplify
raise
boost
deconstruct
‘Deconstruct’ means to break down to smaller pieces.
Which of the following adjectives does not have a verb form?
sure
final
heavy
light
ensure, finalize, lighten
Words that you have added to the knowpile of cards never need to be looked at again.
true
false
Review these once in a while to make sure you don’t forget them.
A word group has a function to make less. Which group fits this function?(watch out for spelling)
subtract, reduce, lesson, ease
lower, ease, lessen, calm
reduce, subtract, easy, lighten
lessen, ease, remove, light
Please lower the volume. The teacher tried to ease the tension in the room. We need to lessen the burden of the middle class. The president tried to calm the anxious nation.
C : I have too much. I will give you some (I have more than enough)
If someone says: “It’s too hot outside,”then he should:
take off his jacket
put on a jacket
put on sunscreen
smile and be happy
If you don’t have enough time to study, you should:
study harder
spend less time watching TV
get a tutor
read more
Adam: “I love cake, but this one is a little __________ sweet.”
Valen: “Really? I think it’s just right.”
enough
just
to
so
too
If Isabelle’s new shirt is too big, she should:
return it for a smaller one
stretch it out
get bigger pants, too
eat less McDonald’s
I’m feeling great. That meal was just big ____________.
too
right
enough
not enough
I don’t know if Shane has ___________ money to get in. I’ll go see if he’s at the entrance.
to
too
too much
enough
not enough
just right
It would be very difficult for anyone to complain that they have __________ happiness in life.
too good
too
not enough
too much
too many
I have too much free time these days, so I am ___________.
dead
bored
busy
hungry
There are definitely _____________ criminals in this city, and certainly ___________ police officers to catch them all.
Fill in the FIRSTblank in the sentence.
too many
too much
not enough
just enough
There are definitely _____________ criminals in this city, and certainly ___________ police officers to catch them all.
Fill in the SECONDblank in the sentence.
Branch
– Army => ground soldier, they have tank, they set up the basis
– Marine corps (read: marine core) => fighting soldier
– Navy => they have ship, submarine
– Air Force => they have jet, pilot
Rank (level of people in army)
– Officers (higher rank): General /admiral (top in the navy)
Colonel
Major
Captain
Lieutenant
– Enlisted (lower rank): Sergeant, Corporal, Private
POW (Prisoner of War)
KIA (Killed in action)
MIA (Missing in action)
Insignia
Weapons (arms):
– RPG (Rocket Prepelled Grenade)
– IED (Improvised Explosive Device)
– Rocket-aimed
– Missile-guided
– Mortar-aimed (it is like a big bullet), lobbed
– Bullet (rounds)
– Anti-aircraft, anti-tank
– Grenade (shrapnel = pieces of metal)
– Sanctions (economic weapon)
Boot camp (place where army get exercise)
Drill Sergeant (trainers)
Troops
Ceasefire (Stop shooting)
Truce (long creasefire)
Treaty (a contract between two countries)
UNSC (United National Security Center)
Guerilla (soliders who are not part of army) -warfare
militant (militia, a group of millitant)
ally/coalition (create a group of Nation to join together for command fight)
battle
conflict (a polite word for war)
war
offensive (when you attack)
counter- (the other side attacks back)
advance
repel (push you back)
incursion (enter the enemies territory, get inside)
onslaught destroying/killing a lot of people without pardon, raid)
boots on the ground (send soldiers into territory on the ground)
ground forces (walking in guns, knife, RPG)
